The beauty and awe, along with medicinal and sometimes accounted as, “magical properties”, Calendula has intrigued not only science but also humanity throughout time. Awarded the Herb of the Year in 2008, by the International Herb Association, Calendula brings warmth and delight to any setting. Commonly known has Pot Marigold, Golds, or Ruddes, Calendula is an annual with pale-green leaves and bright orange or yellow daisy-like flowers. Growing to a height 30 inches, these sun-loving plants were given their name from the Latin word, kalendae, meaning first day of the month; starting to bloom around the first of the month. A Modern Herbal states, “It is said to be in bloom on the calends of every month, hence its Latin name, and one of the names by which it is known in Italy - fiore d'ogni mese - countenances this derivation”(Greive, n.d.). The origin of Calendula is reference to southern Europe, but I have encountered text stating that it dates back to the Egyptian Era. To quote Herbalist Matthew Woods’s colleague acupuncturist Chris Hafner, Calendula is used for the “places where the sun doesn’t shine” (Woods, p.154) and is considered“herbal sunshine” (Woods, p.154).
While working and being in the company of Calendula, I found its Doctor of Signatures most interesting. Later in the paper, I will discuss the identified healing properties of Calendula, for now, the intuitive uses of Calendula. When picked, Calendula reproduces a sticky resign. It is this resign that herbalist seek when making it into a tincture, indicating that Calendula has the ability to bind things together. The written texts state that Calendula is a great skin remedy, but I would like illustrate its ability to bind within the body. With its known properties of being hepatic and the pancreatic-shaped seed, I would conclude that Calendula would help in the regulation of triglycerides, blood sugar, and other endocrine hormones. The Herb Information Greenpaper states, “Lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, and inhibits tumor growth” (The Herb Research Foundation, 2001). The bright, cheerful color of its flowers indicates that Calendula may be used for tissues in the depressed state. Traditional, Calendula has orange and yellow petals. These colors represent meaning to both older lore and modern day science. In lore, yellow is related to, “flowing bile, digestive system, liver and gall bladder” (Complete Herbal, n.d.). Interestingly yellow is, “sodium rich associated with digestion and liver,” (Complete Herbal, n.d.). In relation to chakras, orange and yellow are the Sacral and Solar plexus chakra points. The Sacral charka reflects personal relationship and the human reproductive system where the Solar plexus reflects to personal power and self-esteem issues with the physical association with the pancreas, adrenals, stomach, and digestive organs. One can see how internally Calendula can work within the body. The combination of the pale-green leaves and stem to the brightly colored flowers, indicates that Calendula has the ability to restore balance to both physical and spiritual areas of the body where it is needed, hence, “herbal sunshine”(Woods, p.154).
Calendula and its healing benefits have been well documented throughout the Eclectic’s, Physiomedicalists, and Homopathics circles. John Lloyd and Havery Felter describes a letter they received from Dr. William J. Clary of Monroeville, Ohio in 1898 in the writing of the King’s American Dispensatory accounting his experiences of the actions of Calendula.
As a local remedy after surgical operations, it has no equal in Materia Medica. Its forte is its influence on lacerated wounds, without regard to the general health of the patient or the weather. If applied constantly, gangrene will not follow, and, I might say, there will be but little, if any, danger of tetanus. When applied to a wound it is seldom that any suppuration follows, the wound healing by replacement or first intention. You need not fear to use it in wounds, and I would not be without it for a hundred times its cost (King’s, 1898).
Later in 1919, in Finley Ellingwood’s The American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy Calendula’s actions are reported as follows.
Through the cerebro-spinal vaso-motor nervous system (Burt's fourth edition Homeopathic Materia Medica), calendula has one specific action. It induces paralysis in the arterial capillary vessels. Through it the vaso-motor nerves become partially paralyzed and the vessels become loaded with blood. From this increased irritation which attracts a large number of white corpuscles, the adhesive quality of these corpuscles induces adhesive inflammation, as is beautifully shown in lacerated wounds and cuts where calendula is used, producing union by first intention. Calendula is best applied in a cerate (The American Materia Medica, 1919)
Homopathic, William Boericke states in 1901,
A most remarkable healing agent, applied locally. Useful for open wounds, parts that will not heal, ulcers, etc. Promotes healthy granulations and rapid healing by first intention. Haemostatic after tooth extraction. Deafness. Catarrhal conditions. Neuroma. Constitutional tendency to erysipelas. Pain is excessive and out of all proportion to injury. Great disposition to take cold, especially in damp weather. Paralysis after apoplexy. Cancer, as an intercurrent remedy. Has remarkable power to produce local exudation and helps to make acrid discharge healthy and free. Cold hands (Boericke’s Materia Medica, 1901).
However, in 1931 Mrs. M. Grieve gives the actions of Calendula more common wording in the writings of A Modern Herbal.
Marigold is chiefly used as a local remedy. Its action is stimulant and diaphoretic. Given internally, it assists local action and prevents suppuration. The infusion of 1 ounce to a pint of boiling water is given internally, in doses of a tablespoonful, and externally as a local application. It is useful in chronic ulcer, varicose veins, etc. Was considered formerly to have much value as an aperient and detergent in visceral obstructions and jaundice. It has been asserted that a Marigold flower, rubbed on the affected part, is an admirable remedy for the pain and swelling caused by the sting of a wasp or bee. A lotion made from the flowers is most useful for sprains and wounds, and a water distilled from them is good for inflamed and sore eyes. An infusion of the freshly-gathered flowers is employed in fevers, as it gently promotes perspiration and throws out any eruption - a decoction of the flowers is much in use in country districts to bring out smallpox and measles, in the same manner as Saffron. Marigold flowers are in demand for children's ailments (A Modern Herbal, 1931).
All of these older texts illustrates the importance of the healing actions that Calendula has on the Human body; ranging from skin remedies with inflammations to warming the body to produce heat to ward of the change of season. Though all of these texts are fundamental to the importance of the twenty-century knowledge of Calendula, it is Nicholas Culpeper. Culpeper, in the early seventh-century, gives Calendula the first documented accordance of it actions and properties through his system of Organ Affinities, which is later translated into twenty-century language by the brilliance of the American Herbalist, Matthew Wood. In Nicholas Culpeper’s, A Complete Herbal, he describes Calendula as the following.
'herb of the Sun, and under Leo. They strengthen the heart exceedingly, and are very expulsive, and a little less effectual in the smallpox and measles than saffron. The juice of Marigold leaves mixed with vinegar, and any hot swelling bathed with it, instantly gives ease, and assuages it. The flowers, either green or dried, are much used in possets, broths, and drink, as a comforter of the heart and spirits, and to expel any malignant or pestilential quality which might annoy them. A plaister made with the dry flowers in powder, hog's-grease, turpentine, and rosin, applied to the breast, strengthens and succours the heart infinitely in fevers, whether pestilential or not.' (A Complete Herbal, p. 175).
The more in-depth that one reads of A Complete Herbal, they see how Culpeper begins to coordinate and classify herbs by a system of degrees of usage, ranging from the first degree to the forth degree, including Calendula.
As a local remedy after surgical operations, it has no equal in Materia Medica. Its forte is its influence on lacerated wounds, without regard to the general health of the patient or the weather. If applied constantly, gangrene will not follow, and, I might say, there will be but little, if any, danger of tetanus. When applied to a wound it is seldom that any suppuration follows, the wound healing by replacement or first intention. You need not fear to use it in wounds, and I would not be without it for a hundred times its cost (King’s, 1898).
Later in 1919, in Finley Ellingwood’s The American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy Calendula’s actions are reported as follows.
Through the cerebro-spinal vaso-motor nervous system (Burt's fourth edition Homeopathic Materia Medica), calendula has one specific action. It induces paralysis in the arterial capillary vessels. Through it the vaso-motor nerves become partially paralyzed and the vessels become loaded with blood. From this increased irritation which attracts a large number of white corpuscles, the adhesive quality of these corpuscles induces adhesive inflammation, as is beautifully shown in lacerated wounds and cuts where calendula is used, producing union by first intention. Calendula is best applied in a cerate (The American Materia Medica, 1919)
Homopathic, William Boericke states in 1901,
A most remarkable healing agent, applied locally. Useful for open wounds, parts that will not heal, ulcers, etc. Promotes healthy granulations and rapid healing by first intention. Haemostatic after tooth extraction. Deafness. Catarrhal conditions. Neuroma. Constitutional tendency to erysipelas. Pain is excessive and out of all proportion to injury. Great disposition to take cold, especially in damp weather. Paralysis after apoplexy. Cancer, as an intercurrent remedy. Has remarkable power to produce local exudation and helps to make acrid discharge healthy and free. Cold hands (Boericke’s Materia Medica, 1901).
However, in 1931 Mrs. M. Grieve gives the actions of Calendula more common wording in the writings of A Modern Herbal.
Marigold is chiefly used as a local remedy. Its action is stimulant and diaphoretic. Given internally, it assists local action and prevents suppuration. The infusion of 1 ounce to a pint of boiling water is given internally, in doses of a tablespoonful, and externally as a local application. It is useful in chronic ulcer, varicose veins, etc. Was considered formerly to have much value as an aperient and detergent in visceral obstructions and jaundice. It has been asserted that a Marigold flower, rubbed on the affected part, is an admirable remedy for the pain and swelling caused by the sting of a wasp or bee. A lotion made from the flowers is most useful for sprains and wounds, and a water distilled from them is good for inflamed and sore eyes. An infusion of the freshly-gathered flowers is employed in fevers, as it gently promotes perspiration and throws out any eruption - a decoction of the flowers is much in use in country districts to bring out smallpox and measles, in the same manner as Saffron. Marigold flowers are in demand for children's ailments (A Modern Herbal, 1931).
All of these older texts illustrates the importance of the healing actions that Calendula has on the Human body; ranging from skin remedies with inflammations to warming the body to produce heat to ward of the change of season. Though all of these texts are fundamental to the importance of the twenty-century knowledge of Calendula, it is Nicholas Culpeper. Culpeper, in the early seventh-century, gives Calendula the first documented accordance of it actions and properties through his system of Organ Affinities, which is later translated into twenty-century language by the brilliance of the American Herbalist, Matthew Wood. In Nicholas Culpeper’s, A Complete Herbal, he describes Calendula as the following.
'herb of the Sun, and under Leo. They strengthen the heart exceedingly, and are very expulsive, and a little less effectual in the smallpox and measles than saffron. The juice of Marigold leaves mixed with vinegar, and any hot swelling bathed with it, instantly gives ease, and assuages it. The flowers, either green or dried, are much used in possets, broths, and drink, as a comforter of the heart and spirits, and to expel any malignant or pestilential quality which might annoy them. A plaister made with the dry flowers in powder, hog's-grease, turpentine, and rosin, applied to the breast, strengthens and succours the heart infinitely in fevers, whether pestilential or not.' (A Complete Herbal, p. 175).
The more in-depth that one reads of A Complete Herbal, they see how Culpeper begins to coordinate and classify herbs by a system of degrees of usage, ranging from the first degree to the forth degree, including Calendula.
American Herbalist, Matthew Wood, has taken responsible for taking Culpeper‘s Organ Affinities and gives it twenty-first century understanding and practicality. In his lateness book, The Earthwise Herbal, he breaks down the actions and uses of Calendula. Much like Culpeper, Wood attests that Calendula “was classified as warmth in the first degree (diaphoretic) and neutral with regard to damp and dry” (Wood, p.154), thus, meaning that Calendula has the ability to open up the pores and produce sweating . This herb could also act as a drying or a moisturizing herb. Having “least seven main properties” (Wood, p.154) or actions on the body. According to Wood, these actions/properties consist of the following.
1. It is applied externally to wounds as an antiseptic, bacteriostatic, and hemostatic.
2. Used internally it is a therapeutic for swollen glands and lingering, unresolved infections, cleansing the lymphatic glands and ducts.
3. It lowers high enzyme counts from damage liver.
4. It soothes the digestive mucosa, and other mucous membranes.
5. It warms the stomach, drives heat to the periphery, thins fluids, and cause sweating in fever.
6. It promotes the period.
7. It is a traditional European peasant tonic to prevent sickness in winter, aka, “immune tonic”. (Wood, p.155).
With all of these wonderful properties, it is no wonder why Calendula has been such a popular herb in the gardens as well as in the apothecaries.
1. It is applied externally to wounds as an antiseptic, bacteriostatic, and hemostatic.
2. Used internally it is a therapeutic for swollen glands and lingering, unresolved infections, cleansing the lymphatic glands and ducts.
3. It lowers high enzyme counts from damage liver.
4. It soothes the digestive mucosa, and other mucous membranes.
5. It warms the stomach, drives heat to the periphery, thins fluids, and cause sweating in fever.
6. It promotes the period.
7. It is a traditional European peasant tonic to prevent sickness in winter, aka, “immune tonic”. (Wood, p.155).
With all of these wonderful properties, it is no wonder why Calendula has been such a popular herb in the gardens as well as in the apothecaries.
Calendula has peeked the attention of another well-known Herbalist, David Hoffman. Like Woods, Hoffman shares the same indications of Calendula, but Hoffman also enlightens us to Calendula’s chemical plants constituents of the leaves and flowers.
It is a remedy long used throughout Europe for wound healing and ulcer treatments. Part of its healing power appears to be based on the presence of terpenes. A triterpene glycoside called calendulozide B exerts a marked anti-ulcerous and sedative action (Health World Online, 2008). He continues by outline some of the major constituents of Calendula, leaves and flowers.
· Triterpenes, pentacyclic alcohols such as faradol, brein, arnidiol, erythrodiol, calenduladiol, heliantriol C and F, ursatriol, logispinogenine
· The calendulosides A-D
· [[alpha]] & [[beta]]-amyrin, taraxasterol, gamma-taraxasterol, and lupeolFlavonoids
· Isorhamnetin glycosides including narcissin & quercitin glycosidesincluding rutin
· Volatile oil
· Chlorogenic acid
(Medical Herbalism, p. 535).
With this statement, Hoffman has taken Calendula from an intuitive knowledge base to the cutting edge of Pharmaceuticals and their search for the silver bullet. However, his belief is in whole plant usage, Hoffman understands the need for researching herbs to help Herbalist to be more openly integrated into the Western health field. In article written for ThelivingCenter.com, Hoffman states, “For the first time there is a clear point of contact between analytical Cartesian science and the more holistic world views of human spirituality. Both perspectives can now agree that all of life is one, that the whole is more than the sum of the parts” (The Living Center, 2008). With the help of Calendula and other herbs, Herbalists are on the road for assimilation with the Western health care system.
It is a remedy long used throughout Europe for wound healing and ulcer treatments. Part of its healing power appears to be based on the presence of terpenes. A triterpene glycoside called calendulozide B exerts a marked anti-ulcerous and sedative action (Health World Online, 2008). He continues by outline some of the major constituents of Calendula, leaves and flowers.
· Triterpenes, pentacyclic alcohols such as faradol, brein, arnidiol, erythrodiol, calenduladiol, heliantriol C and F, ursatriol, logispinogenine
· The calendulosides A-D
· [[alpha]] & [[beta]]-amyrin, taraxasterol, gamma-taraxasterol, and lupeolFlavonoids
· Isorhamnetin glycosides including narcissin & quercitin glycosidesincluding rutin
· Volatile oil
· Chlorogenic acid
(Medical Herbalism, p. 535).
With this statement, Hoffman has taken Calendula from an intuitive knowledge base to the cutting edge of Pharmaceuticals and their search for the silver bullet. However, his belief is in whole plant usage, Hoffman understands the need for researching herbs to help Herbalist to be more openly integrated into the Western health field. In article written for ThelivingCenter.com, Hoffman states, “For the first time there is a clear point of contact between analytical Cartesian science and the more holistic world views of human spirituality. Both perspectives can now agree that all of life is one, that the whole is more than the sum of the parts” (The Living Center, 2008). With the help of Calendula and other herbs, Herbalists are on the road for assimilation with the Western health care system.
Ethnobotanist James A. Duke has a complete list of chemical constituents (see index) that has put Calendula on the map for researchers. Within the last decade, Calendula has been under the microscope, literally, for these chemical constituents. The following is taken from Drug Digest (2007) explaining some of the current research finding according to PubMed records.
Calendula contains chemicals that have been shown in animal studies to speed up wound healing by several actions that include increasing blood flow to the affected area and promoting collagen production. Collagen is a natural protein that supports body tissues, strengthens cells, and makes skin flexible. Calendula also possesses antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects due to its flavonoid content. In mouthwashes and gargles, calendula soothes sore throat or mouth tissue; in solutions, it treats hemorrhoids; in lotions and ointments it relieves acne, burns, diaper rash, insect bites, razor burns, scrapes and other relatively minor conditions of the skin or mucous membranes. This is a very exciting time for Calendula to be in the limelight; continuing.
One small study of about 250 women undergoing radiation therapy after surgery for breast cancer found that a commercial calendula ointment reduced the amount of skin irritation better than another commonly used commercial preparation. Women who used the calendula ointment also reported less pain from the radiation. Calendula cream may also help to protect against skin damage from chemicals. Results from recent animal and laboratory studies show that calendula may also have some anti-infective properties--particularly against fungal infections and against viruses, including HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
Calendula contains chemicals that have been shown in animal studies to speed up wound healing by several actions that include increasing blood flow to the affected area and promoting collagen production. Collagen is a natural protein that supports body tissues, strengthens cells, and makes skin flexible. Calendula also possesses antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects due to its flavonoid content. In mouthwashes and gargles, calendula soothes sore throat or mouth tissue; in solutions, it treats hemorrhoids; in lotions and ointments it relieves acne, burns, diaper rash, insect bites, razor burns, scrapes and other relatively minor conditions of the skin or mucous membranes. This is a very exciting time for Calendula to be in the limelight; continuing.
One small study of about 250 women undergoing radiation therapy after surgery for breast cancer found that a commercial calendula ointment reduced the amount of skin irritation better than another commonly used commercial preparation. Women who used the calendula ointment also reported less pain from the radiation. Calendula cream may also help to protect against skin damage from chemicals. Results from recent animal and laboratory studies show that calendula may also have some anti-infective properties--particularly against fungal infections and against viruses, including HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
Although Herbalists have known these effects on the body, the evidence of Calendula’s abilities continues to flood the scientific world. Carrie Mayes of The Herb Research Foundation recites the following evidence on research performed on Calendula and it properties. Ms. Mayes writes, “In vitro (test tube) research has shown that calendula contains antimicrobial compounds that inhibit certain strains of Staphylococcus and Candida, as well as E. coli and some protozoa, such as Trichomonas”(The Herb Research Foundation, 2001). She continues with, “As if all of that isn't enough, experimental in vivo (in the body) research suggests that calendula gently stimulates the immune system and promotes lymphatic drainage, reduces inflammation and pain, lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, and inhibits tumor growth. The bitter green calyx that surrounds the flower head stimulates digestion by increasing bile secretion” (The Herb Research Foundation, 2001). This is very promising evidence for all those people who are currently taking Statin pharmaceuticals.
Along with the promising scientific evidence of Calendula, there are the speculated drug interactions that may occur in conjunction with pharmaceuticals and other herbs. Belonging to the Asteraceae/compositae, people who have allergies to daisy’s or fellow members of this family may experience mild to serve allergic reactions (make sure you have your Nettles nearby). Reported by DrugDigest (2007), people who are currently on prescription drugs for sleeping issues may have exaggerated effects while also taking Calendula orally. Some of these pharmaceutical drugs include anticonvulsants such as Carbamazepine, Phenytoin and Valproic acid; barbiturates such as Phenobarbital; benzodiazepines such as Alprazolam and Diazepam; drugs for insomnia such as Lunesta, Rozerem, Sonata, and Zolpidem; and tricyclic antidepressants such as Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Doxepin and Nortriptyline. The generic pharmaceutical drugs, diphenhydramine or doxylamine that is found in OTC sleeping pills and cough & cold products may increase sleepiness while taking Calendula. Calendula may react with Catnip, Hops, Kava, St. John’s Wort, and Valerian creating strong drowsiness as well. Currently there are no known interactions between Calendula and food. Calendula should be taken under the guidance of an Herbalist; ok, no, not really – just an effect for the TV commercial announcement regarding possible side effects of Calendula.
Along with the promising scientific evidence of Calendula, there are the speculated drug interactions that may occur in conjunction with pharmaceuticals and other herbs. Belonging to the Asteraceae/compositae, people who have allergies to daisy’s or fellow members of this family may experience mild to serve allergic reactions (make sure you have your Nettles nearby). Reported by DrugDigest (2007), people who are currently on prescription drugs for sleeping issues may have exaggerated effects while also taking Calendula orally. Some of these pharmaceutical drugs include anticonvulsants such as Carbamazepine, Phenytoin and Valproic acid; barbiturates such as Phenobarbital; benzodiazepines such as Alprazolam and Diazepam; drugs for insomnia such as Lunesta, Rozerem, Sonata, and Zolpidem; and tricyclic antidepressants such as Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Doxepin and Nortriptyline. The generic pharmaceutical drugs, diphenhydramine or doxylamine that is found in OTC sleeping pills and cough & cold products may increase sleepiness while taking Calendula. Calendula may react with Catnip, Hops, Kava, St. John’s Wort, and Valerian creating strong drowsiness as well. Currently there are no known interactions between Calendula and food. Calendula should be taken under the guidance of an Herbalist; ok, no, not really – just an effect for the TV commercial announcement regarding possible side effects of Calendula.
Calendula is well verse in kitchen as well. Rich with vitamin A and C, along with minerals, Calendula have been used in salads, broths, soups, cakes, butter, cheese, and as a saffron substitute. Although not limited to these mediums, Calendula can be added to any dish where the favors of spicy, woodsy, and lightly bitter are called. According to the Sturtevant’s Edible Plants of the World (1919), Calendula was reference as, “In, 1806, it was included in McMahon’s list of aromatic, pot and sweet herbs of American gardens,” hence the name, Pot Marigolds. The yellow dye from Calendula has been used in shampoo has a highlighting ingredient. In addition, Calendula is the foundation to many cosmetics products that specialize in the skin. Alma Hutchings accounts in her book, Indian Herbalogy of North America, that Native Americans would use Calendula was the base for their skin creams and topical.
Being bound to the Sun and fire, Calendula has a very long history in lore of magic. According to The Complete Herbal, Calendula attributes are has follows, “Prophesy, legal matters, psychic energy, seeing magical creatures, love, clairvoyance, dreams, business or legal affairs, attraction and renewing personal energy” (The Complete Herbal, 2000). It has been said that wearing a Calendula to court will produce a favorable outcome at trail. Legend has it that if a woman touches Calendula petals with her bare feet, she will understand the language of the birds. Moreover, my favorite, placing Calendula in your mattress you will have prophetic dreams, while placing it under your mattress will make whatever you dream come true. Thus, be careful for what you wish for, it just might come true! Aw, behold the power of Calendula.
Index
James A. Duke’s List of Chemical Constituents from Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
Chemicals in: Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) -- Calendula, Pot-Marigold
12-URSENE-3,6,21-TRIOL Plant: DUKE1992A
2,4-METHYLENE-CHOLESTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
24-METHYLCHOLEST-5,22-DIEN-3-BETA-OL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
24-METHYLCHOLEST-7-EN-7-BETA-OL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
28-ISOFUCOSTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
4-ALPHA-METHYL-24-METHYLENE-CHOLEST-7EN-3BETA-OL Plant: DUKE1992A
4-ALPHA-METHYLSTIGMASTA-7,24(28)-DIEN-3BETA-OL Plant: DUKE1992A
4-BETA-METHYLERGOSTA-7,24(28)-DIEN-3-BETA-OL Flower: DUKE1992A
4-BETA-METHYLSTIGMASTA-7,24(28)-DIEN-3BETA-OL Plant: DUKE1992A
5-PHYTYLTOLUQUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A
6-PHYTYLTOLUQUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A
7-METHYLTOCOL Plant: DUKE1992A
8-METHYL-TOCOL Plant: DUKE1992A
9'-CIS-LUTEIN Flower: DUKE1992A
9-HYDROXY-TRANS-10,CIS-12-OCTADECADIENIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
ALKALOIDS Plant 190,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
ALPHA-AMYRIN Flower: DUKE1992A
ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL Leaf: DUKE1992A
ALPHA-TOCOPHEROLQUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A
ARNADIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
ASCORBIC-ACID Flower 1,330 - 3,100 ppm DUKE1992A
AUROCHROME Flower: DUKE1992A
AUROXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
BETA-AMYRIN Flower: DUKE1992A
BETA-SITOSTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
BREIN Flower: DUKE1992A
CAFFEIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
CALCIUM Leaf 30,400 ppm; DUKE1992A
CALENDINE Flower 100 ppm; DUKE1992A
CALENDOL Plant: DUKE1992A
CALENDRIN Plant: DUKE1992A
CALENDULADIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
CALENDULOSIDES Root: DUKE1992A
CAMPESTANOL Shoot: DUKE1992A
CAMPESTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
CAROTENOIDS Flower 30,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
CARYOPHYLLENE Flower: DUKE1992A
CERYL-ALCOHOL Flower: DUKE1992A
CHLOROGENIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
CHOLEST-7-EN-3-BETA-OL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
CHOLESTANOL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
CHOLESTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
CHRYSANTHEMAXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
CIS-FLAVOXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
CIS-LUTEOXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
CITROXANTHIN Plant: DUKE1992A
DIMORPHECOLIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
EO Flower 200 - 4,000 ppm DUKE1992A
ERYTHRODIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
FARADIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
FAT Seed 260,000 - 450,000 ppm DUKE1992A
FLAVOCHROME Flower: DUKE1992A Plant: DUKE1992A
FLAVONOIDS Flower 3,300 - 8,000 ppm DUKE1992A
FLAVOXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
FUCOSTANOL Plant: DUKE1992A
GALACTOSE Flower: DUKE1992A
GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL Leaf: DUKE1992A
GENTISIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
HELIANTRIOL-C Flower: DUKE1992A
HELIANTRIOL-F Flower: DUKE1992A
INULIN Root: DUKE1992A
ISORHAMNETIN-3-GLUCOSIDE Flower: DUKE1992A
ISORHAMNETIN-3-O-RUTINOSIDE Flower: DUKE1992A
ISORHAMNETIN-3-RUTINOSIDE Flower: DUKE1992A
KAEMPFEROL Plant: DUKE1992A
LAPENETRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
LAURIC-ACID Plant 10,000 - 17,500 ppm DUKE1992A
LINOLEIC-ACID Seed 100,000 - 177,500 ppm DUKE1992A
LINOLENIC-ACID Seed 18,600 - 32,200 ppm DUKE1992A
LONGISPINOGENINE Flower: DUKE1992A
LUP-20(29)-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,28-TRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
LUPEOL Flower: DUKE1992A
LUTEIN Flower: DUKE1992A
LUTEIN-EPOXIDE Flower: DUKE1992A
LUTEOXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
LYCOPENE Flower: DUKE1992A
MALIC-ACID Flower 6,400 ppm; DUKE1992A
MANILADIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
METHYL-PENTOSE Flower: DUKE1992A
MUCILAGE Flower 15,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
MUTATOCHROME Plant: DUKE1992A
MUTAXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
MYRISTIC-ACID Seed 10,300 - 16,100 ppm DUKE1992A
NARCISSIN Flower: DUKE1992A
NEOLYCOPENE Flower: DUKE1992A
OLEAN-12-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,28-TRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
OLEANOLIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
OLEIC-ACID Seed 42,300 - 73,000 ppm DUKE1992A
P-COUMARIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
P-HYDROXY-BENZOIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
P-HYDROXYPHENYLACETIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
PALMITIC-ACID Seed 38,900 - 67,000 ppm DUKE1992A
PALMITOLEIC-ACID Seed 12,000 - 20,500 ppm DUKE1992A
PENTADECANOIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
PHYTOFLUENE Flower: DUKE1992A
PLASTOQUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A
PROTEIN Flower 6,400 ppm; DUKE1992A
PSEUDOTARAXASTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
PSI-TARAXASTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
PYROGALLOL-TANNIN Flower: DUKE1992A
QUERCETIN Plant: DUKE1992A
RESIN Flower 34,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
RUBIXANTHIN Plant: DUKE1992A
RUTIN Flower: DUKE1992A
SALICYLIC-ACID Plant 0.34 ppm; DUKE1992A
SAPONIN Flower: DUKE1992A
SAPONOSIDES Plant: DUKE1992A
STIGMAST-7-EN-3-BETA-OL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
STIGMASTANOL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
STIGMASTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
SYRINGIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
TANNIN Leaf 64,500 ppm; DUKE1992A
TARAX-20-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,22ALPHA-TRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
TARAX-20-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,30-TRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
TARAXASTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
TRANS-8,TRANS-10,CIS-12-OCTADECATRIENIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
UBIQUINONE Root: DUKE1992A
URONIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
URSA-12-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,21-TRIOL Plant: DUKE1992A
URSADIOL Plant: DUKE1992A
URSATRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
VANILLIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
VIOLAXANTHIN Plant: DUKE1992A
ZETA-CAROTENE Flower: DUKE1992A
ppm = parts per milliontr = trace
Citations
Beisinger, Susan. (2008, Feb./Mar.). Canendula Officinalis: Herb of the Year 2008.
In Herb Companion. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Complete Herbal, The. (2000) Calendula. History of Herbalism. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Drug Digest. (2007). Calendula. Retrieved October 5, 2008..
Duke, James. (n.d.) Chemicals in Calendula Officinalis. In Farmacy Query. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
<>.
Grieve, Maud. (1995) Marigold. In A Modern Herbal. RetrieSved October 5, 2008.
.
HealthWorld Online. (n.d.) Calendula. In Herbal Medicine Materia Medica. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
.
Hoffman, David. (2003) Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine.
Rochester: Healing Arts Press.
Kress, Henriette (1995) Classic Texts.
Boericke, 1901: Materia Medica, an excerpt: the tinctures/Calendula;
Cook, 1869: The Physiomedical Dispensatory/Calendula; Ellingwood, 1919: The American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy/Calendula; Felter + Lloyd, 1898: King's American Dispensatory/Calendula; Hedrick, 1919: Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World/Calendula. Retrieved October 5, 2008, from Henriette’s Herbal Datebase.
Mayes, Carrie. (2001). Calendula Officinalis.
The Herb Research Foundation: Herb Information Greenpaper. Retrieved October 5, 2008..
Wood, Matthew. (2008). The Earthwise Herbal: A Complete Guide to Old World Medicinal Plants.
Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.
Index
James A. Duke’s List of Chemical Constituents from Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
Chemicals in: Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) -- Calendula, Pot-Marigold
12-URSENE-3,6,21-TRIOL Plant: DUKE1992A
2,4-METHYLENE-CHOLESTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
24-METHYLCHOLEST-5,22-DIEN-3-BETA-OL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
24-METHYLCHOLEST-7-EN-7-BETA-OL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
28-ISOFUCOSTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
4-ALPHA-METHYL-24-METHYLENE-CHOLEST-7EN-3BETA-OL Plant: DUKE1992A
4-ALPHA-METHYLSTIGMASTA-7,24(28)-DIEN-3BETA-OL Plant: DUKE1992A
4-BETA-METHYLERGOSTA-7,24(28)-DIEN-3-BETA-OL Flower: DUKE1992A
4-BETA-METHYLSTIGMASTA-7,24(28)-DIEN-3BETA-OL Plant: DUKE1992A
5-PHYTYLTOLUQUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A
6-PHYTYLTOLUQUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A
7-METHYLTOCOL Plant: DUKE1992A
8-METHYL-TOCOL Plant: DUKE1992A
9'-CIS-LUTEIN Flower: DUKE1992A
9-HYDROXY-TRANS-10,CIS-12-OCTADECADIENIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
ALKALOIDS Plant 190,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
ALPHA-AMYRIN Flower: DUKE1992A
ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL Leaf: DUKE1992A
ALPHA-TOCOPHEROLQUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A
ARNADIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
ASCORBIC-ACID Flower 1,330 - 3,100 ppm DUKE1992A
AUROCHROME Flower: DUKE1992A
AUROXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
BETA-AMYRIN Flower: DUKE1992A
BETA-SITOSTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
BREIN Flower: DUKE1992A
CAFFEIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
CALCIUM Leaf 30,400 ppm; DUKE1992A
CALENDINE Flower 100 ppm; DUKE1992A
CALENDOL Plant: DUKE1992A
CALENDRIN Plant: DUKE1992A
CALENDULADIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
CALENDULOSIDES Root: DUKE1992A
CAMPESTANOL Shoot: DUKE1992A
CAMPESTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
CAROTENOIDS Flower 30,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
CARYOPHYLLENE Flower: DUKE1992A
CERYL-ALCOHOL Flower: DUKE1992A
CHLOROGENIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
CHOLEST-7-EN-3-BETA-OL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
CHOLESTANOL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
CHOLESTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
CHRYSANTHEMAXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
CIS-FLAVOXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
CIS-LUTEOXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
CITROXANTHIN Plant: DUKE1992A
DIMORPHECOLIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
EO Flower 200 - 4,000 ppm DUKE1992A
ERYTHRODIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
FARADIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
FAT Seed 260,000 - 450,000 ppm DUKE1992A
FLAVOCHROME Flower: DUKE1992A Plant: DUKE1992A
FLAVONOIDS Flower 3,300 - 8,000 ppm DUKE1992A
FLAVOXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
FUCOSTANOL Plant: DUKE1992A
GALACTOSE Flower: DUKE1992A
GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL Leaf: DUKE1992A
GENTISIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
HELIANTRIOL-C Flower: DUKE1992A
HELIANTRIOL-F Flower: DUKE1992A
INULIN Root: DUKE1992A
ISORHAMNETIN-3-GLUCOSIDE Flower: DUKE1992A
ISORHAMNETIN-3-O-RUTINOSIDE Flower: DUKE1992A
ISORHAMNETIN-3-RUTINOSIDE Flower: DUKE1992A
KAEMPFEROL Plant: DUKE1992A
LAPENETRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
LAURIC-ACID Plant 10,000 - 17,500 ppm DUKE1992A
LINOLEIC-ACID Seed 100,000 - 177,500 ppm DUKE1992A
LINOLENIC-ACID Seed 18,600 - 32,200 ppm DUKE1992A
LONGISPINOGENINE Flower: DUKE1992A
LUP-20(29)-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,28-TRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
LUPEOL Flower: DUKE1992A
LUTEIN Flower: DUKE1992A
LUTEIN-EPOXIDE Flower: DUKE1992A
LUTEOXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
LYCOPENE Flower: DUKE1992A
MALIC-ACID Flower 6,400 ppm; DUKE1992A
MANILADIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
METHYL-PENTOSE Flower: DUKE1992A
MUCILAGE Flower 15,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
MUTATOCHROME Plant: DUKE1992A
MUTAXANTHIN Flower: DUKE1992A
MYRISTIC-ACID Seed 10,300 - 16,100 ppm DUKE1992A
NARCISSIN Flower: DUKE1992A
NEOLYCOPENE Flower: DUKE1992A
OLEAN-12-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,28-TRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
OLEANOLIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
OLEIC-ACID Seed 42,300 - 73,000 ppm DUKE1992A
P-COUMARIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
P-HYDROXY-BENZOIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
P-HYDROXYPHENYLACETIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
PALMITIC-ACID Seed 38,900 - 67,000 ppm DUKE1992A
PALMITOLEIC-ACID Seed 12,000 - 20,500 ppm DUKE1992A
PENTADECANOIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
PHYTOFLUENE Flower: DUKE1992A
PLASTOQUINONE Plant: DUKE1992A
PROTEIN Flower 6,400 ppm; DUKE1992A
PSEUDOTARAXASTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
PSI-TARAXASTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
PYROGALLOL-TANNIN Flower: DUKE1992A
QUERCETIN Plant: DUKE1992A
RESIN Flower 34,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
RUBIXANTHIN Plant: DUKE1992A
RUTIN Flower: DUKE1992A
SALICYLIC-ACID Plant 0.34 ppm; DUKE1992A
SAPONIN Flower: DUKE1992A
SAPONOSIDES Plant: DUKE1992A
STIGMAST-7-EN-3-BETA-OL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
STIGMASTANOL Sprout Seedling: DUKE1992A
STIGMASTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
SYRINGIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
TANNIN Leaf 64,500 ppm; DUKE1992A
TARAX-20-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,22ALPHA-TRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
TARAX-20-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,30-TRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
TARAXASTEROL Flower: DUKE1992A
TRANS-8,TRANS-10,CIS-12-OCTADECATRIENIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
UBIQUINONE Root: DUKE1992A
URONIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
URSA-12-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,21-TRIOL Plant: DUKE1992A
URSADIOL Plant: DUKE1992A
URSATRIOL Flower: DUKE1992A
VANILLIC-ACID Flower: DUKE1992A
VIOLAXANTHIN Plant: DUKE1992A
ZETA-CAROTENE Flower: DUKE1992A
ppm = parts per milliontr = trace
Citations
Beisinger, Susan. (2008, Feb./Mar.). Canendula Officinalis: Herb of the Year 2008.
In Herb Companion. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Complete Herbal, The. (2000) Calendula. History of Herbalism. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Drug Digest. (2007). Calendula. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Duke, James. (n.d.) Chemicals in Calendula Officinalis. In Farmacy Query. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
<>.
Grieve, Maud. (1995) Marigold. In A Modern Herbal. RetrieSved October 5, 2008.
HealthWorld Online. (n.d.) Calendula. In Herbal Medicine Materia Medica. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Hoffman, David. (2003) Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine.
Rochester: Healing Arts Press.
Kress, Henriette (1995) Classic Texts.
Boericke, 1901: Materia Medica, an excerpt: the tinctures/Calendula;
Cook, 1869: The Physiomedical Dispensatory/Calendula; Ellingwood, 1919: The American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy/Calendula; Felter + Lloyd, 1898: King's American Dispensatory/Calendula; Hedrick, 1919: Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World/Calendula. Retrieved October 5, 2008, from Henriette’s Herbal Datebase.
Mayes, Carrie. (2001). Calendula Officinalis.
The Herb Research Foundation: Herb Information Greenpaper. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
Wood, Matthew. (2008). The Earthwise Herbal: A Complete Guide to Old World Medicinal Plants.
Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.
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